How To Repair Cracks In Brick Walls Inside Ash Pit?

Device for firing solid fuels in buildings

A fireplace or hearth is a structure made of brick, stone or metal designed to contain a burn down. Fireplaces are used for the relaxing ambiance they create and for heating a room. Modern fireplaces vary in heat efficiency, depending on the design.

Historically, they were used for heating a dwelling, cooking, and heating water for laundry and domestic uses. A fire is contained in a firebox or fire pit; a chimney or other flue allows exhaust gas to escape. A fireplace may accept the following: a foundation, a hearth, a firebox, a mantel, a chimney crane (used in kitchen and laundry fireplaces), a grate, a lintel, a lintel bar, an overmantel, a damper, a smoke chamber, a throat, a flue, and a chimney filter or afterburning.^[1]

On the exterior, at that place is ofttimes a corbelled brick crown, in which the projecting courses of brick act as a drip course to go along rainwater from running down the outside walls. A cap, hood, or shroud serves to keep rainwater out of the exterior of the chimney; rain in the chimney is a much greater problem in chimneys lined with impervious flue tiles or metal liners than with the traditional masonry chimney, which soaks upward all but the well-nigh violent rain. Some chimneys take a spark arrestor incorporated into the crown or cap.

Organizations like the Us Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Washington State Department of Ecology warn that, co-ordinate to various studies, fireplaces can pose wellness risks.^[2] ^[3] The EPA writes "Fume may odour good, only it's non good for you."^[2]

Types of fireplaces [edit]

Manufactured fireplaces are made with sheet metal or glass fire boxes.
Electrical fireplaces can exist built-in replacements for wood or gas or retrofit with log inserts or electric fireboxes.
A few types are wall mounted electric fireplaces, electric fireplace stoves, electrical mantel fireplaces, and fixed or free standing electric fireplaces.

Masonry and prefabricated fireplaces can be fueled by:

Wood fuel or firewood and other biomass
Charcoal (carbonized biomass)
Coal of various grades
Coke (carbonized coal)
Smokeless fuel of several types
Flammable gases: propane, butane, and methane (natural gas is more often than not marsh gas, liquefied petroleum gas mostly propane)
Ethanol (a liquid alcohol, likewise sold in gels)

Traditional Himalayan Tandoor
A gas-powered fireplace
Electric fireplace
Traditional Serbian Ognjište

Ventless fireplaces (duct free/room-venting fireplaces) are fueled by either gel, liquid propane, bottled gas or natural gas.^{[ clarification needed ]} In the United States, some states and local counties have laws restricting these types of fireplaces. They must be properly sized to the area to be heated.^[iv] At that place are besides air quality command issues due to the corporeality of moisture they release into the room air, and a oxygen sensor and a carbon monoxide detector are condom essentials.

Directly vent fireplaces are fueled by either liquid propane or natural gas. They are completely sealed from the area that is heated, and vent all exhaust gasses to the exterior of the structure.

Chimney and flue types:

Masonry (brick or rock fireplaces and chimneys) with or without tile-lined flue.
Reinforced concrete chimneys. Fundamental design flaws bankrupted the Us manufacturers and made the pattern obsolete. These chimneys often show vertical cracks on the outside.
Metal-lined flue: Double- or triple-walled metal pipage running up inside a new or existing wood-framed or masonry chase.

Newly constructed flues may feature a hunt cover, a cap, and a spark arrestor at the top to go along small animals out and to foreclose sparks from being broadcast into the atmosphere. All fireplaces require trained gas service members to carry out installations.

Accessories [edit]

A fender (colourised) is prepare in front of the fireplace to contain embers, soot and ash

A wide range of accessories are used with fireplaces, which range between countries, regions, and historical periods. For the interior, common in recent Western cultures include grates, fireguards, log boxes, andirons and pellet baskets, all of which cradle fuel and accelerate combustion. A grate (or fire grate) is a frame, ordinarily of iron bars, to retain fuel for a fire. Heavy metal firebacks are sometimes used to capture and re-radiate rut, to protect the dorsum of the fireplace, and as ornament. Fenders are low metal frames set in front of the fireplace to contain embers, soot and ash. For fireplace tending, tools include pokers, bellows, tongs, shovels, brushes and tool stands. Other wider accessories tin can include log baskets, companion sets, coal buckets, cabinet accessories and more.

History [edit]

Ancient fire pits were sometimes built in the ground, inside caves, or in the center of a hut or dwelling. Bear witness of prehistoric, man-fabricated fires exists on all v inhabited continents. The disadvantage of early indoor burn pits was that they produced toxic and/or irritating smoke inside the dwelling.

Fire pits adult into raised hearths in buildings, simply venting smoke depended on open up windows or holes in roofs. The medieval great hall typically had a centrally located hearth, where an open fire burned with the smoke rising to the vent in the roof. Louvers were developed during the Heart Ages to let the roof vents to be covered so rain and snowfall would not enter.

Also during the Centre Ages, fume canopies were invented to prevent fume from spreading through a room and vent it out through a wall or roof. These could be placed against stone walls, instead of taking upwards the eye of the room, and this allowed smaller rooms to be heated.

Chimneys were invented in northern Europe in the 11th or 12th centuries and largely fixed the problem of smoke, more reliably venting information technology outside. They made it possible to requite the fireplace a typhoon, and also made it possible to put fireplaces in multiple rooms in buildings conveniently. They did non come into full general use immediately, however, as they were expensive to build and maintain.

In 1678, Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I, raised the grate of the fireplace, improving the airflow and venting arrangement. The 18th century saw two of import developments in the history of fireplaces. Benjamin Franklin developed a convection bedchamber for the fireplace that greatly improved the efficiency of fireplaces and wood-burning stoves. He also improved the airflow past pulling air from a basement and venting out a longer expanse at the elevation. In the later 18th century, Count Rumford designed a fireplace with a tall, shallow firebox that was better at drawing the smoke upwards and out of the building. The shallow blueprint also improved greatly the amount of heat transfer projected into the room. Rumford's blueprint is the foundation for modern fireplaces.

The Artful motility of the 1870s and 1880s took on a more traditional spectra based on stone and deflected unnecessary ornamentation. Rather it relied on uncomplicated designs with little unnecessary ornamentation. In the 1890s, the Artful motion gave way to the Arts and crafts motion, where the emphasis was nonetheless placed on providing quality stone. Stone fireplaces at this time were a symbol of prosperity, which to some degree is notwithstanding the notion today.

Evolution of fireplace design [edit]

Over time, the purpose of fireplaces has inverse from i of necessity to 1 of visual interest.^[five] Early ones were more burn pits than modern fireplaces. They were used for warmth on cold days and nights, likewise as for cooking. They also served as a gathering place inside the home. These fire pits were unremarkably centered inside a room, assuasive more people to gather around it.

Many flaws were found in early fireplace designs. Along with the Industrial Revolution, came large-scale housing developments, necessitating a standardization of fireplaces. The nigh renowned fireplace designers of this time were the Adam Brothers: John Adam, Robert Adam, and James Adam. They perfected a style of fireplace design that was used for generations. Information technology was smaller, more brightly lit, with an emphasis on the quality of the materials used in their construction, instead of their size.

By the 1800s, most new fireplaces were made up of two parts, the surround and the insert. The surround consisted of the mantelpiece and side supports, usually in forest, marble or granite. The insert was where the burn burned, and was constructed of cast fe oft backed with decorative tiles. Likewise equally providing estrus, the fireplaces of the Victorian era were idea to add together a cosy ambiance to homes.^{[half dozen]}

Fireplace decors

Heating efficiency [edit]

Fireplace with tubular grate heater, with a high surface area in its heat exchanger and a lift out ash tray to simplify cleanup

Some fireplace units incorporate a blower, which transfers more than of the fireplace's rut to the air via convection, resulting in a more than evenly heated space and a lower heating load. Fireplace efficiency can too exist increased with the use of a fireback, a piece of metallic that sits behind the fire and reflects rut dorsum into the room. Firebacks are traditionally made from cast iron, but are also fabricated from stainless steel.^[vii]

Enclosed wood-fueled fireplace equipped with a blower fan which takes in air through the bottom vent, blows information technology effectually the firebox to heat it, and releases it via the summit vent

Most older fireplaces take a relatively low efficiency rating. Standard, modern, wood-called-for masonry fireplaces though have an efficiency rating of at least eighty% (legal minimum requirement, for example, in Salzburg, Austria).^[eight] To amend efficiency, fireplaces can likewise be modified by inserting special heavy fireboxes designed to fire much cleaner and can reach efficiencies as high every bit 80% in heating the air. These modified fireplaces are ofttimes equipped with a large fire window, enabling an efficient heating process in two phases. During the first phase the initial heat is provided through a large glass window while the fire is called-for. During this time the construction, built of refractory bricks, absorbs the heat. This rut is and then evenly radiated for many hours during the second stage. Masonry fireplaces without a glass fire window merely provide heat radiated from its surface. Depending on the outside temperature, 1 to 2 daily firings are sufficient to ensure a constant room temperature.

Wellness effects [edit]

Forest [edit]

A literature review published in the Periodical of Toxicology and Ecology Health concludes that there are a wide variety of health risks posed by residential wood combustion. Information technology states:

With regard to adults, studies testify that prolonged inhalation of wood smoke contributed to chronic bronchitis, chronic interstitial lung disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension and corpulmonale (Pulmonary heart disease), and altered pulmonary allowed defense mechanisms. While adverse effects on adults are notable, children appear to be at greatest risk. Many studies that focused specifically on RWC [Residential Wood Combustion] have ended that young children living in homes heated by a woods-called-for stove had a greater occurrence of moderate and severe chronic respiratory symptoms than children of the same historic period and sexual activity who did non live in homes heated with a wood burning stove. Exposure of preschool children living in homes heated with forest burning stoves or in houses with open fireplaces yielded these furnishings: decreased pulmonary lung function in young asthmatics; increased incidence of acute bronchitis and severity/frequency of wheezing and coughing; and increased incidence, duration, and possibly severity of acute respiratory infections. Residential wood combustion emissions likewise contain sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and potentially carcinogenic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, formaldehyde and dioxins. Some of these pollutants are known to cause cancer but their furnishings on human being health via exposure to wood smoke have non been extensively studied.^[9]

The Washington Country Department of Ecology also published a booklet explaining why wood smoke can be dangerous. It explains that human lung and respiratory systems are unable to filter particulates emitted by wood combustion, which penetrate deeply into the lungs. For months, carcinogens can continue to cause changes and structural damage within the respiratory system. Immature children, seniors, pregnant women, smokers and individuals with respiratory diseases are nearly vulnerable. Woods smoke can cause disease and fifty-fifty expiry in children, because it is associated with lower respiratory tract infections.^[3] Home fireplaces have acquired fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.^[10]

Gases and ethanol [edit]

Propane, butane, and methane are all combustible gases used in fireplaces (natural gas is generally methane, liquefied petroleum gas mostly propane). If they are allowed to accumulate unburned, gases can cause asphyxia by displacing air,^[thirteen] and gas explosions.^{[ citation needed ]} Ethanol (a liquid, as well sold in gels) fires can also crusade severe burns.^[14]

Called-for hydrocarbons can decrease indoor air quality. Emissions include airborne particulate matter (such as black carbon) and gases like nitrogen oxide. These harm health: they weaken the immune organization, and increase infections, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and insulin resistance. Some forms of fuel are more harmful than others.^[15]

Called-for hydrocarbon fuels incompletely can produce carbon monoxide, which is highly poisonous and tin crusade expiry and long-term neurological disorders.^[sixteen]

Environmental furnishings [edit]

Called-for any hydrocarbon fuel releases carbon dioxide and water vapor. Other emissions, such equally nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, can be harmful to the surroundings.

Glossary [edit]

Several of these terms may be compounded with chimney or fireplace such as chimney-back.

Andiron—Either one of two horizontal metallic bars resting on short legs intended to support firewood in a hearth.^[17]
Arch—An arched meridian of the fireplace opening.^[18]
Ash dump—An opening in a hearth to sweep ashes for after removal from the ash pit.^[18]
Back (fireback)—The inside, rear wall of the fireplace of masonry or metal that reflects heat into the room.^[xviii]
Brick trimmer—A brick curvation supporting a hearth or shielding a joist in front of a fireplace.^[18]
Chimney breast—The part of the chimney which projects into a room to accommodate a fireplace.^[eighteen]
Crane—Metallic arms mounted on pintles, which swing and hold pots above a fire.
Damper—A metallic door to close a flue when a fireplace is not in employ.
Flue—The passageway in the chimney.^[18]
Hearth—The floor of a fireplace. The part of a hearth which projects into a room may exist called the front or outer hearth.^[18]
Hearthstone—A large stone or other materials used as the hearth material.
Insert—The fireplace insert is a device inserted into an existing masonry or prefabricated wood fireplace.^[19]
Jamb—The side of a fireplace opening.^[18]
Mantel—Either the shelf above a fireplace or the structure to back up masonry in a higher place a fireplace^[20]
Fume shelf—A shelf below the smoke chamber and backside the damper. It collects debris and water falling down the flue.^[21]
Throat (waist)—The narrow expanse above a fireplace usually where the damper is located.^[xviii]
Wing—The sides of a fireplace to a higher place the opening almost the throat.^[18]

Run across also [edit]

Fire screen
Inglenook
Listing of habitation appliances
Mantel clock
Outdoor fireplace
Rumford fireplace
Staffordshire canis familiaris figurine
Stone carving
Forest-burning stove

References [edit]

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^ ^a ^b "Wood Smoke and Your Health". Us Ecology Protection Agency. May 28, 2022. Archived from the original on May fourteen, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Smoke health effects & called-for alternatives". Washington State Section of Ecology. Archived from the original on Jan 17, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^ Logan, Matt (November six, 2022). "Best Ventless Fireplace Logs Review | Expert Guide | Updated |". Ventless Fireplace Review. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved May xiii, 2022.
^ American Establish of Architects (March 21, 2022). Hall, Dennis J. (ed.). Architectural Graphic Standards. Illustrated by The Magnum Grouping. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN9781118909508. OCLC 943373654. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved July two, 2022.
^ "History of Antique Fireplaces | Victorian, Georgian & Edwardian Fireplaces". Fireplace Antiques. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^ Tom (January 16, 2022). "3 Steps to a More Efficient Fireplace". FireplaceMall. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^ "RIS - Heizungsanlagen-Verordnung 2010 - Landesrecht konsolidiert Salzburg, Fassung vom 14.05.2021". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2022-02-xv. Retrieved 2021-05-13 .
^ Zelikoff, J.T., 2002. "The Toxicology of Inhaled Woodsmoke Archived 2022-08-01 at the Wayback Machine". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Wellness, Part B, 5:269-282
^ Partridge, Emma; Aubusson, Kate (June 9, 2022). "Derek Kehler and Helena Curic identified every bit young couple killed in Kurrajong cabin". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
^ Fukunaga, T; Yamamoto, H; Tanegashima, A; Yamamoto, Y; Nishi, K (25 Oct 1996). "Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) poisoning: report of 2 cases and review of the literature". Forensic Science International. 82 (3): 193–200. doi:ten.1016/s0379-0738(96)01995-0. PMID 8948127.
^ Novosel, I; Kovačić, Z; Gusić, Due south; Batelja, L; Nestić, G; Seiwerth, S; Skavić, J (April 2022). "Immunohistochemical detection of early myocardial damage in 2 sudden deaths due to intentional butane inhalation. Two case reports with review of literature". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (3): 125–31. doi:x.1016/j.jflm.2010.12.003. PMID 21420651.
^ Suffocations may be caused by propane,^[11] butane^[12]
^ Kraemer, Robert; Knobloch, Karsten; Lorenzen, Johan; Breuing, Karl H.; Koennecker, Soeren; Rennekampff, Hans-Oliver; Vogt, Peter M. (March–Apr 2001). "Severe Burn down Injuries Caused by Bioethanol-Blueprint Fireplaces—An Overview on Recreational Fire Threats". Journal of Burn Intendance & Inquiry. American Burn down Clan. 32 (2): 173–177. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31820aade7. eISSN 1559-0488. ISSN 1559-047X. PMID 21233730. S2CID 205483058.
^ Apte, Komalkirti; Salvi, Sundeep (2016). "Household air pollution and its effects on health". F1000Research. five: 2593. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7552.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC5089137. PMID 27853506. Burning of natural gas non only produces a variety of gases such as sulfur oxides, mercury compounds, and particulate matter but also leads to the production of nitrogen oxides, primarily nitrogen dioxide...The burning of biomass fuel or any other fossil fuel increases the concentration of black carbon in the air...[remainder of material in linked fulltext]
^ Casillas, Sebastian; Galindo, Antonio; Camarillo-Reyes, Luis A.; Varon, Joseph; Surani, Salim R. (October 15, 2022). "Effectiveness of Hyperbaric Oxygenation Versus Normobaric Oxygenation Therapy in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Systematic Review". Cureus. 11 (10): e5916. doi:x.7759/cureus.5916. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC6855999. PMID 31788375.
^ "Definition of Andiron". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on April ix, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j RSMeans (September 15, 2009). RSMeans Illustrated Construction Dictionary: The Consummate Source of Construction Terms and Concept (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN9780876290927. OCLC 793656918. Archived from the original on May xiv, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
^ Perryman, Oliver (January 19, 2022). "Forest Burning Fireplace Insert (2021 Reviews Updated)". Dehumidifier Critic. Archived from the original on May xiv, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^ "Definition of mantel". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May fourteen, 2022.
^ "Chimney and Fireplace Configuration". Rockford Chimney Supply. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.